Esl Program Analysis Essay free essay sample

Understudies likewise have the chance to go to the Phelps Center for Gifted Education and an Early Childhood Center. Springfield Public Schools (SPS) takes into account the assorted variety of its numerous understudies by including such projects as the International Baccalaureate (IB) program at the basic, center and secondary school levels, Wonder of the Ozarks Learning Facility (WOLF) and the Middle College Program. Each of the five of their secondary schools are assigned Missouri A+ schools, which permits a secondary school understudy to graduate and have their initial two years of school paid for by an A+ grant. www. springfieldpublicschoolsmo. organization). The Springfield Public Schools English Language Learner (ELL) program has been a piece of their region since the 1980s, per Rhonda Hittenberger-Ortiz, ELL Liaison. At the program’s beginning all understudies were overhauled either at Central High School or through nomad educators who went around the locale seeing unde rstudies once or more every week. Over the most recent multi year their ELL populace has developed rapidly and a full-time facilitator was recruited in 2011. At present, they have eight ELL â€Å"site schools† where ELL understudies are grouped to get customary language support from an on location ELL educator. These schools incorporate four elementaries, one halfway, two center schools and one secondary school. Guardians are given the decision to move their youngsters to these schools or to leave them at their self-teach. For understudies who are not at the site schools, the area has an instructional mentor who works with the standard instructors of the ELL understudies. At present the area has 850 understudies in the ELL program. Program Details Springfield Public Schools utilizes various strategies in their program. The Elementary destinations for the most part actualize the push-in or synergistic showing strategy in which ELL and standard instructors cooperate inside the study hall, sharing substance and language objectives for every exercise. The draw out strategy is utilized for the most minimal English capable understudies. Optional destinations plan understudies into English-guidance classes and the instructors likewise go into content study halls to work with ELLs separately or in little gatherings. Evaluations Understudies take similar appraisals that every other understudy in the area take yet with specific lodging, for example, translators, additional time, and so on. Springfield R-12 uses the accompanying evaluations: DRA2 (grades K-2), Scantron Performance Series Assessment for Reading, Language Arts and Math (grades 3-12), the Missouri Assessment Program (grades 3-8) and End-of-Course tests (grades 9-12). Moreover, ELL understudies take a yearly advancement test to give information to the province of Missouri. The yearly tests shows progress in English capability and what number of understudies are accomplishing English capability. Springfield Public Schools normally meets the state-built up objectives. The desire for arriving at English capability changes generally and relies upon numerous components. State Guidelines The State of Missouri’s English Language Proficiency Standards and Grade Level Expectations depend on World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment (WIDA). WIDA builds up, for teachers, top notch guidelines, evaluations, exploration and expert turn of events. These assistance instructors with language improvement and to help increment scholarly accomplishment for their English Language Learners (http://wida. s/file. aspx). English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) is the showing approach of decision in Missouri. Regularly ESOL programs are built up on the grounds that a certified educator who is conversant in English and the student’s local language isn't accessible. In different circumstances there just might be an excessive number of dialects spoke to in an area that makes having bilingual instructors not viable. Missouri utilizes three ESOL approaches: Structured ESOL Immersion, Content-based ESOL and Pull-Out ESOL. They just utilize the Pull-Out ESOL approach in their most reduced students. The province of Missouri endeavors to create instructional goals that lead understudies to high accomplishment by depending on both state and national norms that can be found at www. tesol. edu. The Show-Me Standards speak to Missouri’s instructive desires for all understudies. Neighborhood schools are answerable for guaranteeing that LEP (Limited English Proficient) understudies create Communication Arts aptitudes as well as that they accomplish significant levels in the entirety of the Knowledge and Performance principles. All school locale in Missouri must build up an arrangement that fuses LEP understudy needs into the whole school’s instructive program (http://dese. o. gov/qs/me/reports/definstructmodel. pdf). Instructional Practices for ELL Students Researchers consistently fight with regards to whether the ELL student’s local language ought to be a piece of their educating. Most school areas tend to not have an adequate measure of educators that communicat e in the local dialects of their understudies and in this way actualize ESL programs which are shown uniquely in English. Government strategies keep on confining the measure of time that can be spent showing youngsters in their local language. Approaches, for example, â€Å"No Child Left Behind† and the proceeded with diminishment of financing makes it illogical for nearby instructive offices and school areas to help local language guidance (Calderon, M. , Slavin, R. , amp; Sanchez, M. 2011). A contextual analysis performed by the Alliance for Excellent Education in December 2005 advances six key systems that educators of English language students can utilize. They advance: 1. Jargon and Language Development 2. Guided Interaction 3. Metacognition and Authentic Assessment 4. Unequivocal Instruction 5. Which means Based Context and Universal Themes 6. Displaying, Graphic Organizers and Visuals The idea driving these six methodologies is that they not just assist understudies with creating English as their second language it encourages them learn words that are not part of the regular English language, for example, calculation, purposeful anecdote, speculation, and delay (http://uteach. utexas. edu/destinations/default/documents/records/SixKeyStrategiesELL. pdf). These systems work in an ELL domain as well as great methodologies for all students in every branch of knowledge. A look inside the entryway of any homeroom in the United States would show these procedures at work with ELL and non-ELL understudies. Different contentions that surface in the ELL world are that as the quantity of ELL understudies develops in our nation, instructors and instructive organizations should be take a gander at â€Å"Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English (SDAIE). Creators Zulmara Cline and Juan Necochea of the College of Education, California State University San Marcos investigated the eight key segments of SDAIE that can improve the instructional program of schools and give access to main subjects to ELLs. The eight segments of SDAIE are: 1. Essential Language Support 2. Associate with Previous Learning 3. Visuals and Manipulatives . Okay and Safe Environment 5. Various Access Points 6. Agreeable and Interactive 7. Piecing and Webbing 8. Deferential Learning These parts need to persistently be working with one another and not on a free premise. Educators ought to make associations with past learning, use visuals and manipulatives at whatever point conceivable, make a sheltered, generally safe condition for their understudies, and so forth. Constantly utilizing these parts with an English Language Learner in a fundamental spilled homeroom will assist them with developing in the English language and as understudies in every single scholastic territory (Cline, Z. amp; Necochea, J. 2003). These speculations in regards to ELL/ESL guidance all have solid focuses concerning how they can profit the English Language Learner by making situations that permit non-English talking understudies the advantages of English guidance even with instructors who may not be familiar with their local language. Springfield Public Schools has a completely submerged ESL program that places their ELL understudies in study halls with English talking educators that work connected at the hip with ESOL teachers. I eel that Springfield Public Schools is giving the proper guidance to their ELL understudies, which makes up around 3% of their absolute understudy populace, as they consistently fulfill s tate necessities and guidelines. Albeit one may contend that one shortcoming we have may be that they don’t require their ELL understudies to go to one of their ELL site schools yet can just prescribe it to the guardians. This may make learning English for an understudy that decides to remain at their self-teach, despite the fact that it isn’t an ELL site, increasingly troublesome since their association with a guaranteed ESOL teacher might be progressively restricted. Springfield R-12 predicts that they will see an expansion of 115 understudies area wide every year for the following 10 years. It will be fascinating to check whether their ELL populace develops proportionately and if that will modify their strategies. Generally speaking I would at present fight that the Springfield R-12 School District situated in Springfield, Missouri is giving amazing instruction to their ELL understudies as well as all understudies and that they exploit the assets accessible to them. Assets Calderon, M. Slavin, R. , amp; Sanchez, M. (2011). Successful Instruction for English Learners. Eventual fate Of Children, 21(1), 103-127 Cline, Z. , amp; Necochea, J. (2003). Extraordinarily Designed Academic Instruction in English (SDAIE): More Than Just Good Instruction. Multicultural Perspectives, 5(1), 18 http://dese. mo. gov/qs/me/archives/definstructmodel. pdf http://uteach. utexas. edu/locales/default/records/documents/SixKeyStrategiesELL. pdf http://wida. us/record. a spx www. springfieldpublicschoolsmo. organization www. tesol. edu

Thailand Financial Crisis free essay sample

Looks at the smaller scale and full scale monetary, political and social factors that added to the Thai money related emergency of 1997-8. Talks about trade rates, size and receptiveness, expansion, wage rates, budgetary segment improvement, national bank and versatility of ca Presentation: Situation Overview On June 27, 1997, the money service of Thailand, alongside the Bank of Thailand, that countries national bank, declared that exercises of sixteen monetary and protections firms were to be suspended for thirty days, and guided the pained firms to discover merger accomplices. After five days a further and emotional advance was taken: Finance Minister Tanong Bhidaya proclaimed that the Thai national bank would no longer help the baht, the Thai money, at its fixed swapping scale of 24.45 bahts to the dollar. The underlying response of universal budgetary spectators was sure. On July 10, the regarded Far Eastern Economic Review detailed these improvements under the feature Free finally, with a caption announcing that Thailand coasts the baht, starts money related segment tidy up (Vatikiotis, 1997a, 70). We will compose a custom exposition test on Thailand Financial Crisis or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page As indicated by

Five Steps Toward a More Meaningful Holiday Season

Five Steps Toward a More Meaningful Holiday Season The room is full, a bit cramped, the crowd filling their seats. It’s snowing lightly outside the half-windows behind the stage, just a few flurries coating the sidewalks above this basement. Its December 2012. The windows weep from the indoor heat. I turn on the microphone and look over the crowd, avoiding eye contact, which’ll just make me more nervous than I already am. I begin my speech by telling a story about a child on Christmas morning: “Fast forward a few weeks from now, Christmas Day, as little Andy unwraps Optimus Prime. A grin breaks across his features when the large toy lights up and comes to life, flashing and beeping and driving Andy’s parents crazy. “But in a few moments, Andy discards the toy and begins unwrapping the rest of his presents, extracting each box from under the tree, one by oneâ€"some long, some tall, some heavy, some light. Each box reveals a new toy. Each shred of green-and-red wrapping paper a flash of happiness. “An hour later, though, little Andy is crying hysterically. Based on his fits, this has undoubtedly been the worst Christmas ever. Sure, Andy received many of the things on his list, but he’s far more concerned with what he didn’t receive: that Power Ranger he wanted, that video game system he was secretly hoping for, that new computer all his friends are getting. The toys in front of him simply remind him of what he doesn’t have. “This sounds childish, I know, but don’t we do the same thing? Don’t we often look at the things around us and wish we had more? Don’t we covet that new car, those new clothes, that new iPhone?” Several people in the crowd nod with identification. “What if Andy was happy with the toys in front of him? And what if we were, too?” I ask rhetorically. After a brief pause, Ryan jumps in: “We are clearly in the throes of the holiday shopping season,” he says, speaking through his handheld microphone. “Take a look around. Malls are packed with herds of consumers. Storefronts are decorated in green and red. The jingly commercials are running nonstop. The holiday season has officially peeked its gigantic, mass-mediated noggin around the corner. It’s here, and if we rely solely on billboards and store signage, then we might believe we must participate. “Retailers prepare months in advance for thisâ€"preparation that’s meant to stimulate your insatiable desire to consume: Doorbuster sales. New products. Gigantic two-page ads. TV, radio, print, billboards. Sale, sale, sale! Early bird specials. One day only! Get the best deal. Act now! While supplies last. “Joshua and I want, however, to shed some light on this shoppingâ€"ahem, holidayâ€"season. Each year around this time, we all feel that warm-‘n’-fuzzy Christmastime nostalgia associated with the onset of winter. We break out the scarves, the gloves, and the winter coats. We go ice skating, sledding, and eat hearty meals with our extended families. We take days off from work, spend time with our loved ones, and give thanks for the gift of life. “The problem is we’ve been conditioned to associate this joyous time of yearâ€"the mittens, the decorations, the family activitiesâ€"with purchasing material items. We’ve trained ourselves to believe buying stuff is an inextricable part of Christmas. We all know, however, the holidays needn’t require gifts to be meaningful; rather, this time of year is meaningful because of its true meaningâ€"not the wrapped boxes we place under the tree. I’m not saying there’s anything inherently wrong or bad about gift-giving during this time of year. However, when purchasing gifts becomes the focal point of the season, we lose focus on what’s truly important. “Instead of concentrating on holiday shopping,” Ryan continues, “I’d like to encourage you to take five steps toward a more meaningful Christmas together: “Step one. Avoid holiday doorbuster sales. Whether it’s Black Friday or any of the subsequent big shopping weekends, it’s best to stay inside. It’s important to understand that consumption is an unquenchable thirst. Retailers, advertisers, and manufacturers know this too well, and these sales are designed to take advantage of our insatiable desire to consume. Instead, support your local businesses: support the people in your community who are making a difference. “Step two. Gift your time. If you could receive only one Christmas present this year, what would it be? The answer for me is simple: time. The best present is presence. You see, the people I care about mean much more to me than a new pair of shoes or a shiny new gadget or even a certified pre-owned luxury car with a huge bow on top. And yet, many of us attempt to give material items to make up for the time we don’t spend with the people we love. I knowâ€"I did it for years. But possessions can’t make up for lost time. The next time someone asks you what you want for Christmas, consider responding, ‘Your presence is the best present you can give me.’ “Step three. Gift experiences, not stuff. Here’s an idea: what if you decided to gift only experiences this year? How much more memorable would your holidays be? Your experiences build and strengthen the bond between you and the people you care about. Some experiences worth gifting might include tickets to a concert or play, a home-cooked meal, breakfast in bed, a foot rub, a vacation together, watching a wintertime sunset sink into the horizon. Don’t you think you’ll find more value in these experiences than in material gifts? Don’t you think your loved ones will find more value, too? “Step four. Ask for better Christmas gifts. I’d be remiss if I didn’t discuss the gift of giving: the gift of contribution. The age-old apothegm is true: ’tis better to give than to receive. A few months ago, I gave my birthday to Charity Water, and we raised more than five thousand dollars from friends and family to gift clean water to more than two hundred and fifty people who didn’t previously have access to it. Perhaps you can do the same this Christmas: instead of gifts, you can ask people to donate to your favorite charity in your name. Won’t that feel better than a new necktie, a pair of shoes, or a piece of jewelry? “Step five. We call this step ‘Soup-Kitchen Christmas.’ You can do what we’re doing this year [2012] and donate your time to a local soup kitchen, homeless shelter, food bank, or any place that needs volunteers. This year, Joshua and I will be in Vancouver during Christmas, where we and a local group of our readers will donate part of our Christmas Day to a soup kitchen who’ll be able to really use our help during the holidays. You see, sometimes we have to contribute to help other people, but sometimes we need to contribute to help ourselves. When we step into our discomfort zones and contribute beyond ourselves, we grow: we experience the world in a different way, and we gain new perspectives from which to be thankful.” Ryan pauses for a moment to let it all sink in. Two-thirds of the crowd is nodding with vigor, the other third looks skeptical. Ryan blinks hard from the stage lights and continues, “If this all sounds a little preachy, I’m sorry; I’m not here to preach to you. I’m not saying you must doâ€"or that you should doâ€"anything. I know many of you are just like me: you’re unhappy with the status quo, unhappy with what you’re supposed to do with your lifeâ€"just unhappy with the way things are. And so was I. But then I chose to circumvent the status quo. And so can you.” “Meaningful Holiday” is an excerpt from Everything That Remains.

A Research On Computer System - 1035 Words

Mason (2002) points finding a focus and knowing where you stand will be the deciding factor of what a research will unfold. Research is a process to discover new knowledge for either personal or professional to solve a problem. Unconsciously, most people are researchers most of the time with no define or formal process. I believe people do not necessarily think of themselves as researchers but research is about collecting information that tells us about something and helps to make informed decisions. As one go about their daily routine, research done whether it is reading a newspaper, listening to a radio or having general conversation to seek information awareness. Seek information to solve either a problem or awareness such as to†¦show more content†¦The process then becomes a clear structure that evolves into a methodology and then develops into a paradigm (Glesne, 2011). The paradigm is the framework in which a process perceived, understood, and interprets the worl d that lies at the intersection of ontology, methodology and epistemology (Glesne, 2011). Research methods that will be comparing and contrasting are qualitative, quantitative, and mixed. Qualitative Method According to Mason (2002), qualitative method is concerned with understanding human behavior or thought process from the participant’s perspective whether it is positive or negative. This type of method goes beyond the numbers. The qualitative data is descriptive data and challenging to analyze then quantitative data. Analysis of qualitative data requires an accurate description of the participant’s response, for example, sorting the participant’s response to open questions and interview into broad subject (Mason, 2002). The paradigm, interpretivism, establishes the meaning of an experience from the view of the participant. The methodological process includes data collection through participant’s observation and interviews (Mason, 2002).The most common types are face-to-face interviews and focus groups. Several qualitative designs include case studies, ethnographic studies, grounded theory, and phenomenological studies (Mason, 2002). Case study exp lores a single entity or phenomenon bounded by

Funny Mothers Day Quotes

A touch of humor goes a long way in making relationships work. And when that relationship is a mother-child one, laughter can be a great stress alleviator. Think about it. A mother has to ensure her childs well-being, happiness, and safety every single day. She never gets to take the load off of her shoulders. Its not that she doesnt like to laugh, its just that she was so much to worry about. Why not give her the gift of humor this Mothers Day? Does your mother like jokes and funny movies? If humor is her thing, give her the joy of laughter on Mothers Day. Use these funny Mothers Day quotes in cards and on presents. A touch of humor will make the occasion memorable.   Funny Quotes Rita Rudner My mother is such a lousy cook that Thanksgiving at her house is a time of sorrow. Mark Twain My mother had a great deal of trouble with me, but I think she enjoyed it. Dan Quayle Republicans understand the importance of bondage between a mother and child. Phyllis Diller It would seem that something which means poverty, disorder, and violence every single day should be avoided entirely. But the desire to beget children is a natural urge. Kin Hubbard The worst feature of a new baby is its mothers singing. Louie Anderson My mom was a garage sale person, save money. Come on into the garage sale, you might find a shirt. Shed get in that garage sale and point stuff out to you. Theres a good fork for a nickel. Yeah, thats beautiful. Its a little high. If it were three cents Id snap it up. Oscar Wilde All women become like their mothers. That is their tragedy. No man does. Thats his. Paula Poundstone My mom said she learned how to swim. Someone took her out in the lake and threw her off the boat. Thats how she learned how to swim. I said, Mom, they werent trying to teach you how to swim. Tim Allen My mom said the only reason men are alive is for lawn care and vehicle maintenance. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar My mother had to send me to the movies with my birth certificate  so that I wouldnt have to pay the extra fifty cents that the adults had to pay. Dame Edna Everage My mother used to say that there are no strangers, only friends you havent met yet. Shes now in a maximum security twilight home in Australia. Rita Rudner Neurotics build castles in the air; psychotics live in them. My mother cleans them. Pamela Anderson Im a mother with two small children, so I dont take as much crap as I used to.

Spatial Filtering Fundamentals Free Essays

string(35) " determined by the ranking result\." 4/28/2008 Spatial filtering fundamentals by  Gleb  V. Tcheslavski:  gleb@ee. lamar. We will write a custom essay sample on Spatial Filtering Fundamentals or any similar topic only for you Order Now edu http://ee. lamar. edu/gleb/dip/index. htm Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 1 Mechanics of spatial filtering Considering frequency domain filtering, the effect of LPF applied to an image is to blur (smooth) it. Similar smoothing effect can be achieved by using spatial filters (spatial masks, kernels, templates, or windows). We discussed that a spatial filter consists of a neighborhood and a pre-defined operation performed on the image pixels defining the neighborhood. The result of filtering – a new pixel with coordinated of the neighborhood’s center and the value defined by the operation. g y p If the operation is linear, the filter is said to be a linear spatial filter. Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 2 1 4/28/2008 Mechanics of spatial filtering Assuming a 3 x 3 neighborhood, at any point (x,y) in the image, the response of the spatial filter is g ( x, y ) = w(? 1, ? 1) f ( x ? 1, y ? 1) + w(? 1, 0) f ( x ? 1, y ) + †¦ + w(0, 0) f ( x, y ) + †¦ + w(1,1) f ( x + 1, y + 1) Filter coefficient Pixel intensity In general: g ( x, y ) = s =? a t =? b ? ? w(s, t ) f ( x + s, y + t ) a b Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 3 Mechanics of spatial filtering Here a mask size is m x n. m = 2a + 1 n = 2b + 1 Where a and b are some integers. For a 3 x 3 mask Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 4 2 4/28/2008 Spatial correlation and convolution Correlation is a process of moving the filter mask over the image and computing the sum of products at each location as previously described. Convolution is the same except that the filter is first rotated by 1800. For a 1D case, we first zeropad f by m-1 zeros on each size. We compute a sum of products in both cases†¦ Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 5 Spatial correlation and convolution Correlation is a function of displacement of the filter. A function containing a single 1 with the rest being zeros is g g g called a discrete unit impulse. Correlation of a function with a discrete unit impulse yields a rotated version of a function at the location of the impulse. To perform a convolution, we need to pre-rotate the filter by 1800 and perform the same operation as in correlation. Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 6 3 4/28/2008 Spatial correlation and convolution In a 2D case, for a filter of size m x n, we pad the image with m-1 rows of zeros at the top and bottom and n-1 columns of zeros on the left and right. For convolution, we pre-rotate the mask and perform the sliding sum of products. Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 7 Spatial correlation and convolution Correlation of a filter w(x,y) of size m x n with an image f(x,y) is w( x, y ) f ( x, y ) = s =? a t =? b ? ? w(s, t ) f ( x + s, y + t ) ? ? w(s, t ) f ( x ? s, y ? t ) a b a b Convolution of a filter w(x,y) of size m x n with an image f(x,y) is w( x, y ) ? f ( x, y) = s =? a t =? b Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 8 4 4/28/2008 Vector representation of linear filtering It is convenient sometimes to represent a sum of products as R = ? wk zk = w T z k =1 Filter coeffs Image intensities mn For example, for a 3 x 3 filter: p , R = ? wk zk = w T z k =1 Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 9 9 Generating spatial filter masks Generating an m x n linear spatial filter requires specification of mn mask coefficients. These coefficients are selected based on what the filter is supposed to do keeping in mind that all we can do with linear filtering is to implement a sum of products. Assuming that we need to replace the pixels in an image with the average pixel intensities of a 3Ãâ€"3 neighborhood centered on those pixels. If zi are the intensities, the average is R= 9 1 9 ? zi 9 i =1 Which is: R = ? wi zi = w T z; i =1 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP wi = 1 9 10 Spring 2008 5 4/28/2008 Smoothing spatial filters Smoothing filters are used for blurring and noise reduction. Blurring may be implemented in preprocessing tasks to remove small details from an image prior to large object extraction. The output of a smoothing (averaging or lowpass) linear spatial filter is the average of the pixels contained in the neighborhood of the filter mask. By replacing the value of every pixel in an image by the average of the intensity levels in the neighborhood defined by a filter mask, the resulting image will have reduced â€Å"sharp† transitions in intensities. Since random noise typically corresponds to such transitions, we can achieve denoising. Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 11 Smoothing spatial filters However, edges (characterized by sharp intensity transitions) will be blurred. Examples of such masks: 1) A box filter – spatial averaging filter 3Ãâ€"3; 2) Weighted average filter – attempt to reduce blurring: g a g ( x, y ) = s =? a t =? b ? ? (s, t ) f ( x + s, y + t ) s =? a t =? b b ? ? w(s, t ) 12 a b Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 6 4/28/2008 Smoothing spatial filters The effect of filter size. The original 500Ãâ€"500 image And the results of smoothing with a square averaging filter of sizes m = 3, 5, 9, 15, 25, and 35 pixels. Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 13 Smoothing spatial filters Frequently, b lurring is desired for ease of object detection: an original Hubble image, the result of applying a 15Ãâ€"15 averaging mask to it and the result of thresholding with a threshold of 25% of the highest intensity. Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 14 7 4/28/2008 Order-statistic (nonlinear) filters Order-statistic filter are nonlinear spatial filters whose response is based on ordering (Ranking) the pixels in the neighborhood and then replacing the value of the center pixel by the value determined by the ranking result. You read "Spatial Filtering Fundamentals" in category "Papers" The median filters are quite effective against the impulse noise (salt-and-pepper noise). The median of a set of values is such that half the values in the set are greater than the median and half is lesser than it: Ex: the 3Ãâ€"3 neighborhood has values (10, 20, 20, 20,15, 20, 100, 25, 20). These values are ranked as (10, 15, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 25, 100). The median will be 20. There are also max and min filters. Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 15 Order-statistic (nonlinear) filters Original image with salt-andpepper noise Spring 2008 Noise reduction with a 3Ãâ€"3 averaging mask ELEN 4304/5365 DIP Noise reduction with a 3Ãâ€"3 median mask 16 8 4/28/2008 Sharpening spatial filters: foundations The main objective of sharpening is to highlight transitions in intensity. Since averaging is analogous to spatial integration, we y g g g p g can assume that sharpening is analogous to differentiation in space. The derivatives of a digital function are defined in differences. The first derivative must be: 1) Zero in areas of constant intensity; 2) Non-zero at the onset and end of an intensity step or ramp; 3) Non-zero along ramps of constant slope. The second derivative must be: 1) Zero in areas of constant intensity; 2) Non-zero at the onset and end of an intensity step or ramp; 3) Zero along ramps of constant slope. Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 17 Sharpening spatial filters: foundations The first-order derivative: ?f = f ( x + 1) ? f ( x) ? x The second-order derivative: ?2 f = f ( x + 1) + f ( x ? 1) ? 2 f ( x) ? x 2 It can be verified that these definitions satisfy the conditions for derivatives. Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 18 9 4/28/2008 Sharpening spatial filters: foundations The circles indicate the onset or end of intensity transitions. The sign of the second derivative changes at the onset and end of a step of ramp. The second derivative enhances fine details much better than the first derivative. This is suitable for sharpening. Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 19 Using the second derivative for image sharpening – the Laplacian We consider isotropic filters – the response is independent of the direction of the discontinuity in the image Such filters are image. rotation invariant. The simplest isotropic derivative operator is the Laplacian: ?2 f ? 2 f ? f = 2 + 2 ? x ? y 2 Therefore: ? 2 f = f ( x + 1, y ) + f ( x ? 1, y ) + f ( x, y + 1) + f ( x, y ? 1) ? 4 f ( x, y ) The Laplacian is a linear operator since derivatives are linear operators. Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 20 10 4/28/2008 Using the second derivative for image sharpening – the Laplacian The Laplacian can be implemented by these filter masks Since the Laplacian is a derivative operator, its use highlights intensity discontinuities in the image and deemphasize regions with slow varying intensity levels levels. It tends to produce images having grayish edge lines and other discontinuities, and a dark, feature-less background. Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 21 Using the second derivative for image sharpening – the Laplacian Background features can be preserved together with the sharpening effect of the Laplacian by adding the Laplacian image to the original. If the definition of the Laplacian has a negative central coefficient, the Laplacian image must be subtracted rather than added to obtain a sharpening result. In general: g ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ) + c 2 f ( x, y ) ? ? ? Output intensity Input intensity -1 – if the center is negative; +1 otherwise Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 22 11 4/28/2008 Using the second derivative for image sharpening – the Laplacian The Laplacian Laplacian with scaling The original (blurred) image The image sharpened with mask 2 The image sharpened with mask 1 Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 23 Unsharp masking and highboost filtering An approach used for many years to sharpen images is: 1. Blur the original image; 2. Subtract the blurred image from the original (the result is called the mask): g mask ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ) ? f ( x, y ) Original Blurred image 3. Add the mask to the original: g ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ) + k ? g mask ( x, y ) Here k is a weight. Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 24 12 4/28/2008 Unsharp masking and highboost filtering When k = 1 – unsharp masking; k 1 – highboost filtering; k 1 – de-emphasize the contribution of a mask. The shown intensity profile can be viewed as a horizontal scan through a vertical edge transition from a dark to li ht t a light region. i This approach is similar to Laplacian method. Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 25 Unsharp masking and highboost filtering Original ( slightly blurred) image Smoothed with a Gaussian smoothing filter 5Ãâ€"5 Unsharp mask Result of using unshapr mask (k = 1) Result of using highboost filtering with k = 4. 5 Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 26 13 4/28/2008 Gradient method First derivatives can be implemented for nonlinear image sharpening using the magnitude of the gradient: ? ? f ? g x ? ? ? x ? ? ? f ? grad ( f ) ? ? ? = ? ? ? g y ? ? ? f ? ? ? y ? ? ? The gradient vector points in the direction of the greatest rate of g (x,y). g (length) gradient change of f at location ( y) The magnitude ( g ) of g 2 2 M ( x, y ) = ? f = g x + g y Is the value of rate of change at (x,y) in the direction of gradient. Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 27 Gradient method M(x,y) is an image of the same size as the original and is called the gradient image. Magnitude makes M(x,y) non-linear. It is more s itable in some applications to use: suitable se M ( x, y ) ? g x + g y For an image where z5 represent the pixel f(x,y) and z1 represent the pixel f(x-1,y-1), the simplest (Roberts) definitions for gradients are: M ( x, y ) = ( z9 ? z5 ) + ( z8 ? z6 ) 2 2 M ( x, y ) ? z9 ? z5 + z8 ? z6 However, Roberts cross-gradient operators lead to masks of even sizes, which is inconvenient. ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 28 Spring 2008 14 4/28/2008 Gradient method The smallest masks with central symmetry (ones we are interested in) are 3Ãâ€"3. The gradient can be approximated for such masks as following: ?f = ( z7 + 2 z8 + z9 ) ? ( z1 + 2 z2 + z3 ) ? x ? f gy = = ( z3 + 2 z6 + z9 ) ? ( z1 + 2 z4 + z7 ) ? y Therefore, the mask could be: gx = M ( x, y ) ? ( z7 + 2 z8 + z9 ) ? ( z1 + 2 z2 + z3 ) + ( z3 + 2 z6 + z9 ) ? ( z1 + 2 z4 + z7 ) Roberts operators They are Sobel operators. Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 29 Gradient method The coefficients in all masks shown sum to zero. This indicates that mask will give a zero response in an area of constant intensity as expected of a derivative operator operator. Original image of contact lens Sobel gradient Defect Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 30 15 4/28/2008 Combining spatial enhancement techniques Frequently, Frequently a combination of several methods is used to enhance an image†¦ 1) Original image – 2) Laplacian – 3) image sharpened by Laplacian – 4) Sobel gradient of the original image – 5) Sobel image smoothed with a 5Ãâ€"5 averaging filter – 6) product of Sobel image with its smoothed version – 7) sharpened image (a sum of the original and 6) – 8) power-law transformation. Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 31 Spring 2008 ELEN 4304/5365 DIP 32 16 How to cite Spatial Filtering Fundamentals, Papers

Environmental Activism Essay Example For Students

Environmental Activism Essay Environmental Activism Essay 1. The large mainstream environmentalism groups started to compromise too much with regulatory agencies and bureaus, starting with the Glen Canyon Dam project. This began an estrangement with the mainstreams that culminated in the rise of more militant groups like Earth First! Glen Canyon represented what was fundamentally wrong with the countrys conservation policies: arrogant government officials motivated by a quasireligious zeal to industrialize the natural world, and a diffident bureaucratic leadership in the mainstream environmental organizations that more or less willingly collaborated in this process. The mainstream environmental groups and government held the premise that mankind should control and manage the natural world. The radicals held that our technological culture with its intrusions on natural world had to be curtailed, perhaps even undone, to keep the ecology of this planet and our role in it viable. It marked a shift from a rearguard strategy (mainstream) to protect wilderness to an affirmative attempt to roll back the artifacts of civilization, to restore the world to the point where natural processes such as the flow of rivers could continue. The mainstream environmental movement is now perceived by many as out of touch with peoples deep concern about environmental degradation, has become systematized. The activists use approaches such as industrial vandalism or ecotage to foster dramatic results. Some other methods employed are tree spiking, tree sitting, road blockading, demonstrations, tree pinning, ship sinking, dam breaking and outright terrorist-type sabotage (bombing power stations, bridges, power line, etc.) There may be some complimentary results of the efforts of both mainstream and radical groups. The large environmental organizations, while denouncing the radicals confrontational activities, have then been able to use their ample finances to take the campaign to Congress or the courts with the impetus of public support the radicals generated. 2. With Soules quote, including Vertebrate evolution may be at an end it means that the civilization complex has lost its reference point by overwhelming the natural processes it has always used to define itself. The otherness of nature is disappearing into the artificial world of technology. As the environmental crisis worsens, we can expect increased attention directed at the ecological sciences, resource management, pollution control, and technological supervision of the reproduction of valued species, including man. Toynbee writes that the ecological scarcity of the future will be so severe that the within each of the beleaguered developed countries there will be a bitter struggle for control of their diminished resources. This conflict will inevitably lead to the imposition of authoritarian regimes. There is already evidence of ecological elites where power and status are increasingly measured not merely by economic control, but by control over the ecology. Access to clean water, fresh air, open wild spaces, and natural products is competing with ownership of German autos and Swiss watches. It is becoming the main preoccupation of political debate. As an example, even when a corporation decides to create a item through genetic or non-genetic engineering, it is often indirectly determining what species will be exterminated to increase profits, which habitats will be sacrificed for economic growth, and whose children will be allocated the toxic water, poisoned food, and radioactive living space. If the environmental crisis is causing us to reexamine and reject the accepted values of the civilization complex in its entirety, a unique event is taking place: the passing of civilization into history. 2. Societal breakdown in the face of a continually deteriorating physical world may face many problems. As stated above by historian Toynbee, a conflict may lead to the imposition of authoritarian regimes. Atomic bomb EssayEarth First! represents the rage and reaction that radical environmentalists feel toward the destruction of the natural world. They are not only acting out their rage, on the contrary, the theory and practice of ecotage are as well thought out as the politics of reform. Formans notion of monkeywrenching, based on the belief that if profit brings the resource industry into the wilderness, loss of profit due to continuing equipment damage, production delays, and increased security will drive it out. The cost of repairs, production delays, and increased security will drive it out. It may be too much for the bureaucrats and exploiters to accept if there is a widely-dispersed, unorganized, strategic movement of resistance across the land. Such a movement has developed, though not on the scale radical environmentalists would wish. Ecotage probably costs the resource industry and government agencies between $20 and $25 million annually. One can only speculate as to the ef ! fect that has had on decisions made in corporate boardrooms. Most Earth First!ers do not believe ecotage is a substitute for major social changes; rather, it is a stopgap measure damage control to protect as much of the natural world as possible until such change is brought about, one way or another. 7. It tells us that society values property and the higher standard of living through technology over the natural world and any rights the natural world may be entitled to even though the majority of society on a personal level is sympathetic to the cause of radical environmentalists in theory. The American people are not accustomed to thinking of such nonhuman entities as mountain lions, forests, and rivers as exploited groups whose 9th amendments rights can be violated. From the perspective of the radical environmentalists movement, this state of affairs is exactly the problem. In the ante-bellum South, people were not accustomed the thinking of slaves as human beings who had any claim to the protection of the law. We now find this position both repugnant and ridiculous. In the future, so goes the biocentric argument, we will feel the same toward contemporary societys refusal to extend legal and ethical standing to the deer people and the tree people. Radical environmentalism is best understood as an attempt to enlarge the circle of legal and ethical standing (9th amendment rights) to include other species and even entire ecosystems. Using this theory as a 9th amendment weapon to extend the rights to the natural world can only, in my opinion, happen when society as whole, i.e. in large numbers, gets behind the biocentric movement to the magnitude it got behind the civil rights and anti-war movements of the 60s and 70s.8. Much of the breakdown of civilization is that we seem to rely on a totalization of values, values represented as universal, applicable to everyone, at all times. Through totalized values, organized societies have at their command a medium through which to dictate the kind of human behavior that enhances the power of those in control. Whether those values result in people plowing a field, working in a factory, or dropping an atomic bomb on helpless civilians, the discourse of civilization can find a justification i n Gods commandments, progress, national security, or humanism. Social power shapes the most intimate and quotidian acts of civilizations citizens. Industrial man and the industrial society may be the most deleterious and unsustainable economic system the world has ever seen, since it constantly eats into the ecological systems on which it depends. We are beginning to realize just how costly a system it is as the health and cleanup bills from years of environmental abuse come due. Not surprisingly, those who benefited most from the extravagant rise of the industrial economy have done their best to pass the burden on to others: the poor, the unwary, or the next generation. Industrialism is perhaps the greatest pyramid scheme in history. The role that industrial man must take for the ultimate survival of the natural world is that he must take the action to slow and reverse human population growth . There are ecological limits to how many people can live in dignity on this planet; to quibble over whether that line has yet been crossed is to invite a game of ecological brinkmanship that there is no need to play. And if human population has not exceeded carrying capacity, the arguments of the humanist critics leave out the whole question of the effect present population levels have on the nonhuman world.

AP English Language Composition Vocab Words Flashcard

AP English Language Composition Vocab Words

Essay about forward and future

Essay about forward and future Essay about forward and future Futures and Forward: Basics ïÆ' ¼ ïÆ' ¼ ïÆ' ¼ ïÆ' ¼ Payoff Market Mechanics What drives the gains from trade? Reading: Ch. 2 What is a Derivative? Definition: A derivative is a financial instrument (contracts) whose value is based on the value of other underlying assets Type of Contract Underlying Assets Forward/ Future Investment Asset Options Commodity Swap Stock Price Interest Rate Exchange Rate †¦.. Energy: gas, Oil Corn Weather derivatives †¦. Road Map Payoff Type of Contract Underlying Assets Forward / Future Investment Asset Options Commodity Strategy Swap Pricing Fin330_Chang 3 Plans for Forwards/Futures ï  ¬ Basics ï  ¬ ï  ¬ ï  ¬ ï  ¬ Hedging Strategies (Ch.3) ï  ¬ ï  ¬ ï  ¬ Payoff and mechanics of Forward and Futures (Ch.2) What drives the gains from trade? Presentation 1: OTC vs. Centralized market How to hedge properly as a firm/trader? Presentation 2 : the use of derivatives Pricing ï  ¬ ï  ¬ Interest rates basics (Ch. 4) Arbitrage pricing (Ch. 5) Fin330_Chang 4 How Big Is the Derivative Market? Source: Bank of International Settlements (www.bis.org) Fin330_Chang 5 Forward Contracts ï  ¬ Definition: a binding agreement (obligation) to buy/sell an underlying asset at a predetermined date in the future, at a price set today ï  ¬ A forward contract specifies ï  ¬ ï  ¬ ï  ¬ The features and quantity of the asset to be delivered The â€Å"expiration date† The price the buyer will pay at the time of delivery: â€Å"the forward price† Agreement 0 Fin330_Chang Settlement/Delivery T time 6 Features of Forward Contracts ï  ¬ Features of Forward Contracts ï  ¬ ï  ¬ ï  ¬ ï  ¬ ï  ¬ Customized Non-standard and traded over the counter (not on exchanges) No money changes hands until maturity Non-trivial counterparty risk Futures contracts are the same as forwards in principle except for some institutional and pricing differences. Fin330_Chang 7 Notation ï  ¬ ï  ¬ ï  ¬ ï  ¬ S0: Spot price at time 0 ST: Spot price at time T F0: Forward/Futures price at time 0 T: Time until delivery date (in years) Fin330_Chang 8 Payoff on Forward Contracts ï  ¬ The payoff on a forward contract is its value at expiration. ï  ¬ Payoff on a long position = Spot price at expiration – Forward price = ST – F0 ï  ¬ Payoff on a short position = Forward price – Spot price at expiration = F 0– S T Fin330_Chang 9 Payoff on Forward Contracts ï  ¬ The payoff on a forward contract is its value at expiration. ï  ¬ ï  ¬ Fin330_Chang Agrees to buy the asset at time T Payoff on a long position = Spot price at expiration – Forward price = ST – F0 (Pay F0 and get something worth ST) Agrees to sell the asset at time T Payoff on a short position = Forward price – Spot price at expiration = F 0 – ST (Get F0 for something worth ST) 10 At expiration Payoff Diagrams Long Position: Payoff = Spot – Original Futures Price = ST – F0 (at expiration) ST Fin330_Chang Short Position: Payoff = Original Futures Price - Spot = F0 – ST (at expiration) ST 11 Cash Settlement ï  ¬ ï  ¬ An alternative settlement procedure Instead of requiring delivery of the asset, two parties make a net cash payment, which yields the same cash flow as if delivery had occurred ï  ¬ Why? ï  ¬ ï  ¬ A physical transaction likely have transaction costs Example: The stock index ST=$1040 ; F0 =$1020 ï  ¬ Fin330_Chang Net payment $20 from the short position to the long 12 Example: Gold-diggers A gold-mining firm enters a short forward contract, agreeing to sell gold at a price of $850/oz. in 1 year ï  ¬ What is the payoff on this short forward position? ï  ¬ Fin330_Chang ST 13 Questions ï  ¬ Why entering this contract? ï  ¬ Who might want to take the long position of this contract? Fin330_Chang 14 Why entering this contract?

The Mountain Pine Beetle Infestation in Robson Provincial Park Research Paper

The Mountain Pine Beetle Infestation in Robson Provincial Park - Research Paper Example Beetle infestation is in abundance in low height lodgepole pine forests of the SBS bio-geo-climatic zone. The issue of pine beetle infestation is interrelated with seral-stage distribution and fire risks, which have been discussed while recommending management policy on Robson Park’s mountain pine beetle infestation. Treatment options have been suggested for single tree fall and burn, prescribed burning and selective tree removal, considering the overall ecosystem and environment at the heart of every decision to be taken and reviewed, and if needed, changed annually for the policy management of Robson Park mountain pine beetle infestation spanning a period of 10 years. Mount Robson Provincial Park is located in east-central British Columbia, just west of the British Columbia / Alberta border and Jasper National Park. It has been facing the problem of Mountain Pine Beetle Infestation for a long time. BC Parks centrally manages all fourteen parks that come under its management. To write a specific policy on mountain pine beetle infestation for Robson Provincial Park, it is crucial and mandatory to know what has been done by BC Parks in policy formulation on vegetation management and tree removal policy for all parks under its management. For this, we need to review the contexts and purposes that make vegetation management crucial for the parks so that any specific policy for Robson Provincial Park fits into overall conservation management policy framework of BC Parks. Vegetation management includes fire management, insect & disease management, vegetation restoration, and plant collection. It is significant to note that BC Parks has addressed all vegetation management issues by following the long-term ecosystem saving concerns.  Ã‚  

Refutation on Agassiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Refutation on Agassiz - Essay Example Although Agassiz started his work while still at the University, he won his reputation in the United States between the years 1807 and 1873 during his final studies of fossil fishes. This essay seeks to discuss the Agassiz theory and some of its refutation. The paper refutes the theory due to its insistence on the inclusion of glaciers, ‘threefold parallelism’ concept and its racist attitudes. That is because Darwin and other scientists argue that glacier is not the only force that has shaped geology worldwide and also all beings are equal. In the 1840’s Agassiz immigrated to America where he become a professor of comparative zoology at Harvard University (Wendel 162). It has been recorded that Agassiz was the first man to challenge and oppose Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. According to him, the theory is scientifically wrong since it is unable to show evidence of transformation of a fossil animal or plant to another or one kind of living to the other. Agassiz main reason for rejecting the Darwin’s theory was based on paleontology since the fossil records did not prop up the evolution. Though Agassiz has been closely associated with the development of the glacial theory, it has been identified that he did not develop it. According to Gould and Morey, the hypothesis was developed by Jens Esmark, Jean de Charpentier, and other natural scientists in the early 1800’s. He only made a little original contribution of expanding the concept of an ice age to a global catastrophe using analytical evidence. Besides, he also developed the idea of uniformitarianism to explain the development of the earth. Moreover, Agassiz borrowed some of the ideas from his theory of mass extinction so as to improve the glacial theory. These plans included the great ice age, climate change, and evolution, and the biblical flood. As a result, the glacial theory becomes widely accepted by most

Conflict Management in Aviation

Conflict Management in Aviation Conflict Resolution Conflicts occur when there are disagreements between an individual or groups. When an individual strongly oppose each other’s ideas a conflict may start. Conflict can start anytime and at any place between anyone. A conflict results in verbal arguments, abuses and also spoils relationships. What should be noted is no matter how well you manage your organization conflicts may arise no matter what. Conflicts are always not bad for an organization. If managed properly conflicts can generate a positive outcome to the organization. Different skills are used by the authorities to solve conflicts. Discussed below are few strategies used to manage conflicts. Accommodating- this strategy essentially gives the opposing side what it wants. The use of accommodation often occurs when one of the parties wishes to keep the peace or treats the issue as minor. Avoiding- The avoidance strategy tries to put off conflict before it happens. By delaying or ignoring the conflict, the avoider hopes the problem resolves itself without a argument. Those who actively avoid conflict frequently have low esteem or hold a position of low power. In some circumstances, avoiding can serve as a profitable conflict management strategy Collaborating- This works by joining ideas set out by multiple people. The main objective of this strategy is to find a creative solution acceptable to everyone. Collaboration, though useful, takes significant time to be solved Compromising- This strategy typically calls for both sides of a conflict to give up in order to establish an acceptable solution. This strategy prevails most often in conflicts where the parties hold approximately equivalent power. Competing- This strategy usually results in which one side wins and other loses. Highly assertive personalities often fall back on competition as a conflict management strategy. Although this is not the best solution for a conflict it is widely used by the management to solve conflicts. On the topic of conflict management George Kohlrieser states that, ‘Conflict management plays a very important role at workplaces to prevent conflicts and for the employees to concentrate on their work. The team leaders must ensure that the roles and responsibilities of each and every employee are clearly passed on to them.’ Managing conflicts is very vital for the organization because if not handled properly they can affect the productivity of the company output. Training the staff of such situation can be advantageous to the organization by many ways. If the necessary training is given to the staff the conflicts can be prevented and be handled in a more professional manner. The employer would also feel the importance of conflict management and also would make sure to contribute to prevent it at any cost. Merit 02 Conflict Transformation One perception of a conflict is that it can be good for the organization. If a conflict has come up it is verily due to one of the weakness within the organization. Once this weakness is identified the organization or business is able to rectify it and operate better. Conflicts are classified into two as long term and short term. Short-term conflicts can be relatively easily resolved while long-term conflicts involve non-negotiable issues that tend to resist resolution.Conflict may be a burden to the organization if it goes long term. As we have discussed before, an unresolved conflict may affect the productivity of the company and would result in the downfall of the organization. The following texts are taken from Challenges of negotiating long term concerns (2010),‘to protect the future interests of their organization, negotiators sometimes must accept fewer benefits or absorb greater burdens in the short run to maximize the value to all relevant parties – including future employees and shareholders – over time.’ If the conflict is not resolved the organization would take every possible measure to solve it. Negotiators are brought in by the company if there is no short term solution for the conflict. This measure is taken by the organization to prevent the conflict to be a long term one because it would then become a more complex problem. The negotiators would try to accept the demands put up by the parties who are affected even if it’s not highly beneficial for the organization. If a conflict does become a long term issue it would be a highly complex problem for the organization to solve. Then the organization would have to make sure to have constant interaction with the parties who are involved so that the conflict can be solved without any further due. Distinction 02 Reasons for a conflict Reason for conflict- The subordinate of the airline feels ignored by the superior and complains that the company is not bothered about the physical welfare of the individual and also feels that he is not satisfied with the return he gets on all the hard work he puts in. Solution- The best solution the superiors can come up with is to first have a meeting with the sub ordinate to discuss the issue. Here they can discuss all the problems the individual is going through and a solution for it. Since the subordinate feels that he’s presence is not felt by the airline, the superior should get them involved during any decision making process of the company. Airlines should also have meetings and agendas to discuss the problems of the company and its employees. In this way the business is able to build a rapport between the superiors and its sub ordinates. This would make the employees that their idea is looked into and they feel that they too are important assets of the company. Since the employee feels that he doesn’t get enough return for all the hard work he puts into, the airline decides to pay him extra for every additional hour he works. They also decide to give him an allowance for transport since he might have to travel late in the night during overtime. The airline should make sure when giving solutions that the other employees are also treated fairly. Therefore before coming up with the solution the airline should study the operations first and then provide the solution after thinking wisely because an unresolved conflict could hamoer the potential production of the airline. Task 04 Conventions Tokyo Convention This convention is also known as Convention of Offences and certain other acts committed on board of the aircraft. This was basically an international treaty which concluded at Tokyo on the 14th of September 1963. The Convention is valid to offences against penal law and to any act which tends to jeopardize the safety of persons or property on board civilian aircraft while in flight. Coverage includes the commission of or the intention to commit offences and certain other acts on board aircraft registered in a Contracting State in-flight over the high seas and any other areas beyond the territory of any State in addition to the airspace belonging to any Contracting State. Criminal jurisdiction may be exercised by Contracting States other than the State of Registry under limited conditions. For the first time in the history of international aviation law this convention recognized certain powers of the aircraft commander who on international flights may restrain any person he has reaso nable cause to believe is committing or is about to commit an offence liable to interfere with the safety of persons or property on board or who is jeopardizing good order and discipline. The Hague Convention TheHague Hijacking Convention(formally theConvention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft) is multilateral treatyby which states agree to prohibit and punishaircraft hijacking. The convention does not apply to customs, law enforcement or military aircraft, thus it applies exclusively to civilian aircraft.The convention concludedon 16 December 1970, the convention has currently has 185 state parties. The convention only addresses situations in which an aircraft takes off or lands in a place different from its country of registration. The convention sets out the principle that a party to the treaty must prosecute an aircraft hijacker if no other state requests his or herextraditionfor prosecution of the same crime. Montreal Convention This convention was formally known astheConvention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air. This convention was signed by 105 parties on the 28th of May 1999. It amended important requirements of theWarsaw Convention rule concerning compensation for the victims of air disasters. The Convention attempts to re-establish a new set of rules relating to the international carriage ofpassengers,baggageand cargo. The following texts were taken from Handling disruptive passengers (1998), ‘Unruly and violent passengers create a massive safety risk to the aircraft and its passengers. They can also prove to be very expensive to airlines. In some cases, captains have been forced to divert a flight to eject the violent passenger. British Airways has said that the average cost of an unscheduled landing is 40,000 pounds sterling.’ Airlines try their best when handling disruptive passengers because in aviation or any other business customer is considered as king. When it comes to airlines, they make sure to follow the specific guidelines provided to by IATA. Airlines are advised not to take drunken passengers in the aircraft. During flight if the airline feels that a passenger is getting too drunk, they can refuse to serve them more alcohol because it could make them unruly later on. Unruly and disruptive passengers are not tolerated by airlines because they can jeopardize the safety of aircraft, therefore airlines follow a strict set of rules when it comes to handling them. The airline crew can go to the extent of killing a disruptive passenger if they are trying to enter the cockpit forcefully. In minor cases such as verbal or physical abuse the cabin staff would use constraint belts to tie up the passenger. Merit 03 Aspects of Conflict There is a theory stating that conflicts have its own life cycles. At first stage it would not be that effective then during transformation it would reach an emotional level and event may lead up to a violent climax and then disappears and often reappears again. There is a reason why and individuals or groups have goals: Goals may be mismatched (different from one another) When goals are mismatched an issue would arise. A party with unrealized goals would feel frustrated Frustration then would lead to aggression which would also lead to verbal or physical violence. This violence would affect conflict with the goals and objectives. In this way a conflict would never be resolved. A simple conflict may combine with other conflicts and turn into a very complex situation where the solution can be complicating, On the topic of conflict transformation Johan Galtung states that, ‘a conflict may almost get eternal life, vexing and waning, disappearing and reappearing, the original, root, conflict recedes into the background like when cold war attention focused mostly on such means of destruction as nuclear missiles. Conflicts have both life-affirming and life-destroying aspects. Once formed, conflicts undergo a variety of transformational processes. .Conflict transformation is concerned with five specific types of transformation, focusing upon the structural, behavioral and attitudinal aspects of conflict: a. Actors– modifying actors’ goals and their approach to pursuing these goals, including by strengthening understanding as to the causes and consequences of their respective actions; b. Contexts– challenging the meaning and perceptions of conflict itself, particularly the respective attitudes and understandings of specific actors towards one another; c. Issues– redefining the issues that are central to the prevailing conflict, and reformulating the position of key actors on those very issues; d. Rules– changing the norms and rules governing decision-making at all levels in order to ensure that conflicts are dealt with constructively through institutional channels; e. Structures– adjusting the prevailing structure of relationships, power distributions and socio-economic conditions that are embedded in and inform the conflict, thereby affecting the very fabric of interaction between previously incompatible actors, issues and goals. For conflict transformation to happen, tensions between parties to the conflict must be overcome by ensuring that all actors recognize their interests not through violence. Conflict transformation looks beyond clear issues and is characterized by creative problem-solving. Conflict transformation involves a third party, in order to help actors modify their emotional views on the ‘Other’, thereby helping to break down divisions between the two parties involved in the conflict. Distinction 03 Policy Regarding Unruly Passenger Unruly and disruptive passengers are common sight which occurs in airports and also during flights. Passengers usually become unruly when they are drunk. Flight delays and or poor customer service are few other contributory factors for disruptive passengers. Airlines usually try their best to avoid such situations because it could affect the goodwill of the airline. Therefore airlines handle these cases with much precaution because they are highly sensitive. The following texts are taken from Disruptive passenger behavior, ‘The problem of unruly passengers is constantly increasing within the airline industry. Although unruly passengers represent only a minute proportion of our passengers as a whole, we must never forget that one aggressive passenger can jeopardize safety on board.’ Airlines try to take immediate measure when handling unruly and disruptive passengers since they could jeopardize the safety of the aircraft. When it comes to handling these cases airlines usually follow the guidelines provided by IATA regarding handling unruly and disruptive passengers. If the pilot in command feels that that the passenger has done or is about to do anything which may jeopardize the safety of the aircraft the pilot is entitled to take reasonable measures To protect the safety of the aircraft. Protect persons on board Disembark unruly or violent passengers. Such measure could include physically restraining the violent passengers. Every reasonable effort to protect passengers against any offences by unruly and disruptive passengers should be made. Passengers who are likely to be unruly and disruptive must be carefully monitored, and if necessary, refused embarkation. The flight crew is also trained to handle violent passengers. Alcohol is considered to be one of the root causes for unruly passengers therefore the crew makes sure to monitor the behavior of the passengers who consume alcohol. They also make sure to stop serving alcohol to passengers whom they feel will go to a state of drunkenness. Airlines make sure to handle disruptive and unruly passengers in an appropriate manner so that the passenger’s feelings are not hurt because in fact the customer is king when it comes to any business. Reference Page Journals Conflict Management (2005) by George Kohlrieserpg5 Available at: http://www.imd.org/research/publications/upload/PFM149_LR_Kohlrieser.pdf?MRK_ CMPG_SOURCE=webletter-july-07> Handling disruptive passengers (1998) by Martin Pittpg9 Available at: http://www.ukfsc.co.uk/files/Safety%20Briefings%20_%20Presentations/Cabin%20Safety%20-%20Disruptive%20Passenger%20Guide.pdf> Conflict transformation (2000) by Johan Galtungpg10 Available at: http://www.transcend.org/pctrcluj2004/TRANSCEND_manual.pdf> Websites Challenges of negotiating long term concerns (2010) by Pon Staffpg 6 Available at: http://www.pon.harvard.edu/daily/conflict-management/conflict-management-the-challenges-of-negotiating-long-term-concerns/> Disruptive passenger behavior (1998) by Tim Chealpg 12 Available at: http://www.ad-aero.com/airrage_causes.php> Distruptive passenger behavior Pg 12 Available at: http://www.hemmingfire.com/m/fullstory.php/aid/1702/Fight_or_flight.html> 1

Definition of Literature Essay

Literature is an outlet of escape from reality. At the end of the day, I open a book and allow the story to take me to a world where my own fades into a distant memory. With every turn of a page, my imagination is free to reinvent a narrative that is better than the reality I live. Literature can be non-fiction and based on facts surrounding real events, people, and places. Examples include history books, memoirs, biographies, newspapers, self-help, devotionals, and textbooks. Literature can also be writings based not on truth, but on the imagination and creativity of the author. This includes fiction novels and children story books. A lot of times authors of fiction will get their idea from a real life event and then they allow their imagination to recreate the characters and plot. Aside from being fiction or non-fiction, literature can also fall into different categories according to the genre, purpose, and style. Some genres include romance, science fiction, Christian, suspense, and western. The authors purpose for writing will likely determine what style and genre they will use. Poetry and drama are forms of literature that are stylistically different from other writings. Every writer wants to engage their audience and capture their attention in order to convey a message. The meaning of the text may hold differing messages within the audience, but it is the goal of the author to captivate the reader and keep them wanting to read more. John Smith wrote historical accounts of life while he was living. His writings brought insight and hope regarding English settlement during the early 1600s. The General History of Virginia is difficult to comprehend in areas because I am unfamiliar with his use and style of language, but nonetheless it is a beautifully written piece of literature. John Smith’s targeted audience was most likely the people of his time, with the goal of informing them of recent events. I appreciate the way he portrays the struggles of daily life realistically and in a way that inspires and intrigues. William Bradford was not formally educauted, yet he was a wise and well-read man. His writings spread throughout the world and have been studied and quoted by many. As with most of the literature from his time period, Bradford’s style is simple, but he writes with such conviction that demands the attention and respect of the reader. Bradford was a man of faith and often expressed this in his writing. In Of Plymouth Plantation he often refers to God’s providence and makes continuous references to God. Bradford may refer to God more than any other author in this colonial unit. Anne Bradstreet was a powerful force in literature during the 1960s because she was one of the first recognized women poets. Centuries later she is a revered writer and her poetry remains enchanting. â€Å"Thou ill-formed offspring of my feeble brain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is the opening line to her poem The Author of Her Book and illustrates just how feeble her brain is not. She has the unique capacity to use words to express herself so creatively and with so much emotion. To My Dear and Loving Husband is a great romantic poem that I admire. Bradstreet’s style reminds me slightly of my own. However I need more experience and practice to become nearly as talented as she. Upon the Burning of Our House reminds of my own experience of a house fire and has inspired me to attempt to capture my experience through poetry. Through all Anne Bradstreet’s work, she inspires others to recognize the beauty and power in writing. Edward Taylor was a highly educated, well respected, and devout religious man who used poetry as a private expression of his faith. He did not seek fame or recognition for his writing, rather just the pleasure it brought him. Taylor writes of God beautifully and is a master of creating moving and emotional works of art without intending to. As with most poets, Taylor and Bradstreet used metaphors and had a personal style unique from others. There is also an overflowing of emotion from both Taylor and Bradstreet within all their writings. William Byrd was a very accomplished man of his time. He was well educated, respected, and prosperous. His most famous writings are the journals that he wrote to describe day to day life. In The History of the Dividing Line I was able to pick up on the humor that has lead Byrd to be one of the first distinct comedic writers. The humor is not â€Å"pee your pants funny† rather it is more light-hearted humor that makes the reader smile. It is evident in his writing that Byrd was indeed well-read. A writer is capable of learning a great deal about language, word usage, and style through reading. Byrd’s style is simple, yet he articulates his message very well and although he wrote for himself, he managed to write in a way that would capture an audience’s attention. Jonathan Edwards was an intelligent man of God who served as a preacher. As an author, he wrote popular sermons and other serious works on religion, metaphysics, and philosophy. Edwards’ style of writing is quite different from other authors in this unit because unlike the others he gives the reader an array of possible positions for the topic he is presenting. In the sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, Edwards develops his view on destruction and punishment from verses in Deuteronomy. Not only does he explain how he interprets the scripture, he also gives other possible views. St. Jean De Crevecoeur wrote about religion but he did not profess or maintain that he believed in God. He was a well-educated humanitarian who served his people and country. I found Letters from an American Farmer difficult to get through because his style of writing is unexciting. I was also turned off by the way he wrote about certain topics particularly African American issues. Crevecoeur was not a racist man, but he lacked some sensitivity in discussing his unique view on negroes and parenting. He believed that negroes should not continue having children because if they did misery would undeniably result for themselves and their offspring. I understand that he is referring to slaves and perhaps even slaves may have wished to not have children in order to save future generations from being forced into slavery. Crevecoeur surprised me with the boldness in his writing. The progression of writing from Smith to Crevecoeur is interesting to track and there are noticeable changes in language and word usage. As defined earlier, literature to me is written art that engages my imagination and takes my mind away from reality. Not every piece of literature will bring me the pleasure of leaving my own world for a moment and that does not mean the author has failed. Genre plays an important role in this element of the definition. For example the writings from the colonies unit are primarily non-fiction history writings that are meant to inform more than entertain. Anne Bradstreet is an exception. As the writer of poetry, her style is most obviously different from the more serious and constructed essays of the other writers. Every writer has a style that is unique, however one similarity in the colonial writings is the purpose of the author’s writing. Many of the writers were writing for the sake of recording daily life and making historical accounts of slavery, war, and developing colony life. Centuries later, authors such as Smith, Bradford, Bradstreet, Taylor, Edwards, and Crevecoeur are recognized as masters in the field of writing. Writers during the establishment of the colonies wrote simple, yet serious and powerful pieces of art. They have a style of writing and voice that still captures the hearts of readers.

Women in Psychology Mary Calkins

What does it take to be number one? As we know everyone loves a winner. Most people if they were asked who the fastest man in the world was? They would correctly answer with the name Usain Bolt. Nobody remembers number two right? However, let us imagine Mr. Bolt being told that he could compete in track and field but he could not officially win any medal because he was Jamaican. Sounds far-fetched today and against our values and everything we stand for in the 21st century? Well in the 1800s, things were very different especially for women and Mary Calkins was no exception. Mary Calkins not only made countless contributions to the field of psychology, her perseverance changed many perceptions resulting in her indirectly becoming a champion for women’s rights and equality. In this assignment, we will examine Mrs. Calkin’s background, theoretical perspectives and the integral role she played in the field of psychology. Mary Calkins, the oldest of five children was born to Wolcott and Charlotte Calkins on March 30, 1863, in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents placed a great emphasis on education so in addition to elementary school, she took private lessons so she could learn German. After graduating high school Mary enrolled in Smith College in 1882, but took a hiatus her junior year in 1884, due to the untimely death of her sister and her mother being gravely ill. Mary did not make waste of this time. While at home she decided to learn Greek which was pivotal to her journey in the field of psychology. After Mary finally earned her degrees in Classics and Philosophy, she took a trip to Europe with family and had already decided when she returned that she would be a teacher and as well as tutor students in the Greek Language. However, her plans changed when she was offered the opportunity to teach Greek, at Wellesley, College, one of the few higher learning educational institutions for women in the country. At Wellesley, she taught not only Greek, but philosophy and psychology as well. This ultimately resulting in the university creating a new position for her in the experimental psychology department, although she had no credentialed training in psychology. This was crucial because many schools back then did not even admit women as students much less allow them to hold such a prestigious osition. For Mary to be successful, she knew she would have to further her education and learn more about psychology. Her ambition led her to enroll in two psychology seminars, one being at Clark University and the taught by Edmund C. Sanford and was taught by William James at Harvard University. Initially she was denied entry into Harvard because she was a woman. However, she had the president of Wellesley and her father both write letters on her behalf and was accepted. In 1891, her determination began paying dividends as she was able to set up a psychological laboratory at Wellesley and added scientific psychology to the program of study. From 1892 to 1895, she attended Harvard University. This is where she received some of the greatest resistance to everything she was trying to accomplish. Men and society during this time did not believe that women were fit for any job unless it was something that assisted a man i. e. doctor-nurse, boss-secretary, and homemaker. While Mary was allowed to attend Harvard, it was not without conditions. She could take classes and test, but in the University’s eyes she would be considered as guest. Undeterred and ready for the challenge, Mary enrolled in William James seminar on psychology; all the other students who happened to be men dropped the course in protest. What they believed is that if they did this the professor would boot her from the program because he would not want to lose his other students. Instead Professor James taught her individually and became her mentor. She also studied in the psychological laboratory at Harvard. She did all this while remaining a professor at Wellesley College herself. Mary completed all the required work and passed all her exams to earn a Ph. D. However, she was not awarded one due to the fact the she was a woman and women were not allowed to officially register at Harvard back then. She was later offered a Ph. D. , by Radcliffe College which was the female equivalent of Harvard, but she turned it down, believing that she done all of her work at Harvard, so it should be Harvard that awards her Ph. D. In 1898 is when Mary became a full time professor at Wellesley College focusing on philosophy and psychology publishing a slew of articles. When ten leading psychologists in the field of psychology were asked to rate their contemporaries by the measure of their work, Mary Calkins was listed 12 out of 50. Mary Calkins has given much to the field of psychology. For example there were only twelve colleges that had psychological laboratories in the entire United States and she created one. In her laboratory she had fifty four students dissect sheep brains and carry out studies on sensation, space perception, memory and reaction time. All of which are things that are used today by other scientists and different medical communities. For example, we are always hearing that drunk driving skews your space perception, sensation, memory and reaction time. One has to think this is not a coincidence that her work contributed to their findings. It was the first at a woman’s college and she did this with a mere $200. From 1891-1892 at the behest of G. Stanley Hall who has the editor of the American Journal of Psychology, her articles were normally studies and experiment by her and her studies that included everything from children’s emotions, moral consciousness, drawings, psychological anesthetics, and dreams. From her research in dreams she discovered there was a close relationship between her patient’s dreams and what happens in real life. Her work would not be appreciated during its early stages by most scholars as they were on board with Freudian thought process on dreams. Later this same community would dismiss Freud’s method and make Calkins research integral to dream researching. Through all of her research while pursuing her doctorate one of her most significant things she have to psychology was the Paired Technique. This technique is explained is putting to paired numbers in different colors on cards and flashing them to see what the subject could remember. What she found was bright colors were retained better as well as a new memorization method. It later became a standard means for human learning and remnants of it are still used today by psychologists. Of all of Mary Calkins contributions to psychology, she was most interested in self-psychology and ignited the brainstorm over this that caused many to take up research on the subject. She even published an autobiography in 1930, where her goal was to get psychologists to become self-psychologists. In 1900, she even wrote and published a paper expressing her belief that psychology is a science of the self. This was immediately followed by criticism from other academics. Mary Calkins was never afraid of a challenge and answered those criticisms in work that followed and in her presidential address at the American Psychological Association meeting in 1905. For all that she tried to do in self psychology, unfortunately Dr. Kohut, Dr. Honess, and Dr. Yardley failed to credit to give her any credit in this arena. During her career Mary was really busy evidenced by her writing 67 articles on psychology and 37 in philosophy. She also wrote and had 4 books on psychology published. Mary Calkins exemplary work preceded her and resulted in her being the first woman named president of the American Psychological Association and the American Philosophical Association. What Mary Calkins was able to accomplish in her day and age was simply amazing. She had to overcome numerous obstacles that would have made any other person give up and pursue a different profession. She worked and went to school, dealt with sexism and static thinking, in terms of a womens’ place in society. I say to Mary Calkins you are a winner and we remember you. Not only for your contributions that you have to the respective field of psychology, but the barriers that you broke down so that other women were allowed to be more easily accepted and respected. From my research on Mary Calkins I learned that a group of Harvard alumni petitioned for her to be awarded her doctorate in 1930, but they were denied. I think that it would be fitting if this cause was taken up once again today. For everything Mary Calkins has meant to the field of psychology it is the least we could do to honor all of the blood, sweat, and tears that she put into her work.

Symbols Of A Short Story Beauty And The Beast - 1176 Words

Symbols of a Short Story Symbolism is everywhere from bathroom signs, movies, books even a dashboard on a car. In this essay, I will be analyzing symbols from the short story Beauty and The Beast. In Beauty and the Beast there are so many symbols all throughout the story but I will be focusing on the most important ones. In â€Å"Beauty and the Beast,† Beaumont uses the character Beauty to symbolize security, compassion and honesty. Beauty and the Beast is a story that is loved by many. One of the many ways symbolism is shown in this story is by words and objects, like the rose. Word symbolism is very significant in this story and it shows a lot about the author. Symbolism works in this story by showing the true characters. It also†¦show more content†¦Compassion radiates from Beauty. Beauty isn’t like the rest of her siblings she is nice, happy, empathetic and true to herself. She doesn’t care about materialistic things. For example, when Bea uty’s father lost all his money she was the only one out of all her siblings that didn’t just sit there and complain, she still loved her father as she did before when he had all his money. Beauty also shows compassion to the Beast by giving him a chance and not just seeing him as a scary beast. Beauty may be a symbol of compassion but that’s also one of her characteristics. Beauty and the Beast is a story of a girl and her wealthy merchant father. Beauty is the girls name and she has two sisters and three brothers who are the opposite of her, greedy and self-centered. Beauty’s father ended up losing his wealth and they became of low class and poor, which resulted in all members of the family to go to work. One day on the way to pick some stuff up Beauty’s father asks what everyone wants and Beauty asks for a rose and then her father sets out and plans to return home soon but ends up getting lost in the forest and can’t find his way bac k. 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